The ancient coil-shaped artifacts were found in Russia’s Ural Mountains. As the ship was loaded up with grain, which could take a couple of months, they would tour around and then get back on the ship at the end of the season.". Now, after time and technology has moved on, the Greek government invited a team from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), headed by Dr. Brendan Foley, to begin the first significant excavation of the wreck since the Frenchman's over 40 years ago. It's a tricky case to work on. Enlarge Image. Everything was just so picture perfect. The Antikythera, however, may have been built for a mix of business and pleasure. The advent of computing began before the birth of Jesus, with a small bronze mechanism that was lost under the sea off Crete for over a thousand years. Foley team set about circumnavigating the island of Antikythera, off whose coast the wreck lay, carrying out technical dives over a period of eight days, where they mapped everything human-made from the sea's surface down to its floor, 45 meters below. You couldn't have scripted it better, almost everything you looked at was just so remarkable.". The Mary Rose, a 16th century English warship and the pearl of King Henry VIII's fleet, was sunk ten years before the Mars and salvaged thirty years before it. The first dive also found the ship's bell, broken free from the belfry but otherwise undamaged, stamped with 1845--the date the two ships had set sail for the Arctic. We stopped in one place and deployed an ROV. "We tried to distract them. The history of this device is shrouded in mystery. The history of the Erebus and Terror has been built up piecemeal since the ships were lost, using testimony from local Inuit, the objects left behind by the crew on their desperate journey, and even notes written by the acting captains following the death of Sir John Franklin, the expedition's captain. They would be sort of the world's first tourists. Underground continents deep in Earth's belly may have formed when an ancient ocean of magma solidified on the surface of the baby planet 4.5 billion years ago, according to a new study. As well as images, the technology gathers the precise position of artefacts and other elements, so no need to pin out grids on the site either. A piece of the ship's hull 40 meters long had appeared, giving the first suggestion that the team had finally stumbled on the flagship of Swedish King Erik the XIV's fleet. Using an algorithm called SLAM (simultaneous localisation and mapping), the imagery from the stereo cameras can be knitted together to make an extremely precise map of the seafloor. And it's all right there in these ostensibly empty jars.". “There are dozens of items left, this was a ship bearing immense riches from Asia Minor,” Dimitris Kourkoumelis, an archeologist on the team, told AFP. That's important to do," Harris said. Over the course of Ocean Discovery's search, the team had found tens of wrecked wooden ships maintained in a good state by the Baltic waters, located using the trawl snag data from the fishermen, but none had been the Mars. A 2.6-billion-year-old pocket of water, the oldest yet found, has been discovered deep underground and could shed light on early Earth life and the possibility of life on Mars. "We thought this was going to be the best technology to be used for underwater archaeology because we were hoping that the InSAS system would be able to detect very small, otherwise difficult-to-detect, cultural targets--detached rigging, rope lying on the seafloor, piece of iron plating lying flat on the bottom, any oars, or anything that might be difficult for us to detect with towed sonar," Harris said. There was room for 20,000 people to stay here, complete with all of the necessities (and a few luxuries) — fresh water, stables, places of worship, and even wineries and oil presses. "It's fun for us," said Foley, "because we feel like we've opened up a whole new vista on the past, and we can generate hard data on these early economies. It’s believed that this complex clock-like device was used by ancient Greeks to calculate the movement of the stars and planets. I would like to use Mars as part of a general humanistic discussion about warfare and people in war. Foley's team will be testing the hypothesis over the next few visits to the site, using technology to help them determine the true origins of the second wreck. They saw a glass case bottle, a container of spirits reserved for officers, and examined the areas where the ordinary sailors bunked down and the mess table where they would have taken their meals. Exploring another cave in Arkansas, just north of Batesville, explorers found a tunnel illuminated by a greenish phosphorescence where they met a race of beings who stood 7 to 8 feet tall and had bluish skin. "At the time, that was the very best thing that the Royal Navy could lay their hands on, but the technologies at the time are so short lived because everything was changing so quickly. While the grain is long gone, it will have decomposed to leave characteristic starches and structures called phytoliths, which can be detected with a powerful enough microscope. Archaeologists have started clearing an underground pyramid-shaped vault, the top part of which has been used as a wine cellar in recent times. (Credit: FRANCOIS NASCIMBENI/AFP/Getty Images) Located in… While the lidar systems weren't expected to be able to pick up signs of a wreck, they could help the team put together better maps of the region, which is still largely uncharted even today. "They were one of the first things we saw as we crept over the seafloor to the site. "The first indication [it was the Mars] was the size of the wreck. TechRepublic talked to the teams behind some of the most high-profile shipwrecks to be discovered in recent years to find out how they've located the ships and uncovered their secrets--including a 2,000 year old device that may have been the world's first computer. In 2008, Parks Canada, the Canadian Hydrographic Service, and the government of the Arctic territory of Nunavut began a fresh expedition to find the Erebus and the Terror--the latest in a long line of recovery missions that stretches back to Victorian times. One hypothesis is that the Antikythera may both have carried early tourists and freight, thanks to the huge bronze and marble statues it transported as cargo. With the rebreather, we increase that efficiency, but it's still we're only want to put people down when there's no other way to do the job," Foley said. The team had another novel piece of technology at its disposal: a 7.5-meter autonomous underwater vehicle, the Arctic Explorer. In the Victoria Strait search site, there was too much ice to deploy it; in the Queen Maud Gulf, the waters were too shallow for it to be used safely. By focusing excavation efforts on areas that show a higher density of metal, the excavations could potentially turn up more fragments of the Antikythera mechanism (only half of the system has been recovered to date). Its hull planks are some of thickest seen in antiquity, indicating the true size of the ship could be over 200 feet in length, putting it in the same ballpark as HMS Victory, the warship commanded by Admiral Lord Nelson during the Battle of Trafalgar--some 1700 years after the Antikythera sailed. But before they send divers down, the team will first use a robot to map the wreck and the seafloor around it. If you thought the computer era started with the Colussus, or even with Babbage's designs, you'd be wrong. Listen - 01:44. This website uses cookies to improve user experience. Found … However, often they're used as observers, with the most difficult work still done by humans. Parks Canada's Ryan Harris points to the sonar image of the HMS Erebus. After what Harris describes as "six very long, monotonous years staring at the sonar waterfall display cascading down the screen, often for very, very long hours--sometimes 16 hours a day--bobbing around on the ocean, turning a little bit green as we concentrated on the data all the while," in September last year, an image loomed out of the sonar data. Since the discovery, archaeologists have found over 50 historical artifacts in the underground city and most of them have already been persevered. That's not to say that the Mars won't be seen above water in future, though. Defence Research and Development Canada, the military's technology arm, lent the archaeologists a tool that uses a jet of hot water to cut through ice. A Secret Tunnel Found in Mexico May Finally Solve the Mysteries of Teotihuacán The chance discovery beneath a nearly 2,000-year-old pyramid leads to the heart of a lost civilization Yes, live. The Antikythera mechanism – a Greek ancient computer The Antikythera mechanism has been labeled the first mechanical computer. "Even the maps for the coastline of this area weren't terribly accurate. Should other bones be recovered, they will be subject to a vigorous recovery procedure to make sure there's no DNA cross-contamination between the dive workers and the bones themselves. "I said it could well be the Mars, because it looked so different. if you're trying to steer a survey line and not run into an island, 4km is fairly significant," said Ryan Harris, who led the Parks Canada team. "The two ships together are a designated national historic site. According to Rönnby, Mars offers "the possibility to come so close to the middle of battle. Excavations have also uncovered vast plumbing systems, baths and fountains at ancient Olympia. Why? The company developed a longer range scanner for the Franklin expedition, which can map up to a five meter range with millimeter resolution, used to image the outside of the wreck. "The sidescan sonar is the best technology available, but it's not so detailed that you can see cannon and things," said Lundgren. "It looks like a chest exploded with silver coins.". Due to the resolution of the 3D model--and the relative lack of sediment in the environment--archaeologists will be able to explore the wreck in fine-grained detail. Locating a wrought-iron breech-loaded cannon, however, was enough to put the identity of the ship beyond doubt. While the WHOI team didn't use the experimental suit for any work on the wreck site, it was tested out on the vicinity of the Antikythera, and the organisation is now considering whether to plough ahead with a development program. Having set sail to discover, trade, or wage war, the boats never reached safe harbour and exist now as time capsules beneath the waves. The telltale details of the ship emerged. Among the techniques used to research the Mars was photogrammetry: divers took hundreds of normal digital still photos of the site from many angles, which is then sewn together by photogrammetry software to create a two-dimensional map of the site. The residents decided to do the underground sub-city thing in style and had a movie theater, a bar, and a cafe. Since archeologists have previously only been able to operate at a depth of 60 meters, the team is confident that their month-long expedition will yield many other artefacts. It was built by the King Erik the XIV, who was son of Gustav Vasa--Vasa is our Tudor dynasty. A gale had stirred up sediment under the water, but a mix of luck and judgment allowed Harris and his divemate to find enter the water near a timber that Harris could follow "hand over hand" to the wreck proper. Abandoning the historical data and information from fishermen, the team resorted to doing search passes over the area, dragging the sidescan sonar from east to west. Mars could be home to more liquid water than we originally thought. She was more than 60 meters long and very modern-equipped.". Under oceans across the world, hundreds of shipwrecks lie silent and forgotten. Due to the unreliability of the written sources of the time, the team had been investigating a relatively large area, 15 square miles, and had been hoping to zero in on the Mars using information from local fishermen on where their trawl nets had been caught on the seafloor--a sign that they might have become tangled in the wreck of the Mars. Franklin's two ships were some of the first polar vessels to be equipped with steam engines--repurposed railway engines--leaving port with 12 days coal aboard, for example, as well as state-of-the-art Massey double action bilge pumps. Archaeologists find ancient civilizations underground. For over four hundred years, the wreck and its rumoured treasure had slept 75 meters beneath the Baltic Sea. The Inuit reported seeing one of the ships go down off the coast of King William island in around 1850, and they would be the last humans to lay eyes on the vessels for the century and a half that followed. When the Mars sank in 1564, it was perhaps the biggest ship in the world--a fearsome vessel with over one hundred guns and 700 men onboard. Having found the Mars after a two-decade search, Ocean Discovery found that they weren't the only wreckhunters who were in the region. The project is also working with a BlueView sonar scanner from MMT, which when positioned on the seafloor can gather 60 million measurement points in 15 minutes. Those that have already been exploring the photo mosaic have been doing so at their desks, looking for artefacts or other elements the divers may have missed. Over the years, the expedition had narrowed down its search to two areas, one in the Victoria Strait, another in Queen Maud Gulf, prompted by testimony from local Inuits who reported going aboard the vessel after its desertion by Franklin's men. Thought to have been built at the end of the second century BCE, the Antikythera mechanism is considered the first programmable computer. During a few days in June, the robot created 10,500 square meters of map, with a resolution of 2mm. A tourist takes a picture inside the Naours underground city. In the next few years, would-be marine archaeologists will have yet another way to explore the Mars without getting their feet wet: the hope is to create a virtual reality version of the wreck, that individuals can explore through an Oculus Rift headset. It's what we call the future of maritime archaeology to be able to do that. Due to its remoteness, very few ships have sunk in the region, and those that have are generally a matter of public record. It's very three dimensional, there's wood sticking up, and the umbilical from the ROV can get tangled. "The advantage of diving in the water is that because of the ice there's no waves," said Harris, "so all of the particulate settles down on the seafloor and you have a really, really good visibility. "A lot of people have said to us, 'Oh, a new Vasa ship, how should we be able to pay for the conservation and everything?' Finding more of the statues "would be quite a big contribution to art history and culture but we also expect that in amongst the fragments of the statues will be other amazing things. During the battle, the Mars caught fire but despite the clear danger, the Mars was still boarded in the last minutes above the waves by enemy forces. Thanks to carbon dating, we know that this booty-laden ship sank around 60 B.C. If an object located on a 2D image is worthy of further scrutiny, its location can be found using the multibeam, and a diver sent down to precisely the right place. "With all of these types of ceramic artefacts, they're empty now, but we can take swabs and using police forensic techniques we can pull ancient trace DNA from the ceramic matrix of the original contents, down to the species level," Foley said. Archaeologists discovered the Antikythera mechanism and dozens of other artefacts. That has been an important part of the whole technology development to do that," Rönnby said. In fact, the absolutely mind-boggling Antikythera Mechanism – a corroded clocklike object found among the ruins of a sunken ship – may prove that advanced scientific technology existed far earlier than we ever thought possible. The antikythera mechanism, which was found inside a Roman shipwreck near the Greek island of Antikythera, is an ancient computer thought to be at least 2,000 years old. A second ship travelling in convoy with the Antikythera? Using a satellite system called AIS, which allows ships to know the location of nearby ships, Ocean Discovery could see a rival team from underwater survey business Marin Mätteknik (MMT) were also nearby and looking for the warship. Using sidescan sonar and multibeam sonar, the project began to build up a high-resolution three-dimensional picture of the wreck too. Here's why it might take 20 years, Smart farming: How IoT, robotics, and AI are tackling one of the biggest problems of the century, 2,000 year old 'computer' discovered: How tech and shipwrecks are rewriting human history. A lost piece of the world’s oldest analog computer (the Antikythera mechanism an ancient Greek device designed to calculate astronomical position) may have been discovered. 'First Ever Etruscan Pyramids Found in Italy'. A second wreck--mentioned in passing by Cousteau's team but never really explored--had been keeping the first, better-explored ship company all these years, practically untouched. The results of the landmark excavation are still being revealed. "You can dive on the wreck from the computer, you can zoom into details, you can see artefacts, you can turn them around and then most fantastic thing you can do--you can even print them. Was it the Svärdet they had found? While Harris and his team continue to gain the Erebus' secrets and discover what other technologies she had onboard, the search will begin afresh for the Terror. How did they get covered? Their stories obviously are intrinsically intertwined, so we hope in the fullness of time to understand what happened to the expedition and find as many clues as possible, and both ships would certainly assist that.". To preserve them, protect them, and interpret them for the public, obviously we have know where both of them are. We can't even imagine. A three-man team, comprised of the two Lundgren brothers and Skogh, went in to investigate. The expedition is also experimenting with laser scanning, in partnership with Canadian firm 2G Robotics which makes underwater scanners normally used for detecting damage on oil pipelines. when we saw the first pictures from it, we recognised the ship's [building] techniques... it was in many ways similar to the Mary Rose. Those dry-land archaeologists have managed to pinpoint much of the treasure, including thousands of those rumoured silver coins. Many attempts had been made to find her since her loss on the first day of the Battle of Öland. It's been posited that sand or straw could be used as the packing material, but Foley suggests grain could be a more likely candidate: not only would the statues be protected but the grain could be sold on at the Antikythera's destination, making it a far more economical option. Watering Ancient Rome ... springs do not always bubble up to the surface. Thought to have been built at the end of the second century BCE, the Antikythera mechanism is considered the first programmable computer. Sept. 30, 2020 6:28 a.m. PT. Nicknamed the “Big Fat Greek Expedition,” archeologists this week have embarked on a new mission to explore an ancient wreckage where one of the most complicated scientific antiques in existence was discovered over 100 years ago in the Aegean Sea. The similarities between the two wrecks raised questions. The team changed its survey grid, aligning it with the axis of the ship, shortening the range of the sonar and boosting its resolution. With better maps, the team could use side-scan sonar and multibeam echosounding, which can build up a picture of the seafloor, without risk of damage to the environment or to their equipment. Image: Theresa Nichols, Fisheries and Oceans Canada. The exosuit is a small wearable submarine that keeps the diver's air at the same atmospheric pressure as it is in the water. The technology may have been some of the best out there, but even it could be bested by Arctic conditions. After the boat skeleton was found, experts immediately set to work in dating the old wreckage. "One of the goals will be to virtually excavate and re-excavate the site in the computer afterwards.". All workers on the boat will give cheek swabs to make sure their genetic material can be identified if it ends up on the bones accidentally. "That's when we saw the two brass six-pounder cannons," said Harris. Thanks to an intricate series of gears and dials, the mechanism could be used as a calendar, to track the phase… Even the few bones around the wreck can give up their secrets without being moved. —W. Information from the ROV will be overlaid on top of the data from the 3D map generated by the autonomous underwater vehicle to build up a heat map of where the team should direct their excavation efforts when they return to the site later this summer. In future, perhaps, museums around the world could take advantage of such techniques. "The couple of extant literary references to grain carriers refer to these floating palaces: mosaic floors, libraries, and amazing cabins, well appointed for the passengers--the 200 or 300 passengers that could be aboard from Rome to Egypt or the Black Sea. It's at 70 meters depth, it's totally, totally dark in the Baltic Sea. They were more like luxury cruise liners," Foley said. Absolute confirmation would require human divers. A four man team--Richard Lundgren, Fredrik Skogh, Christoffer Modig, Anton Petersson--were on board the ship when it found the Mars, and sent a picture of the scan to Ingemar Lundren, who was processing images from the vessel onshore. WHOI's team returned to the wreck site in the summer of 2015 with their metallic heat maps to begin the process of finding out if the Antikythera has more secrets go give up. The multibeam sonar and photogrammetry are used in concert. While such a discovery would generate headlines, tiny flecks of lead may have equally fascinating stories to tell. It’s one of the strangest—and most amazing—things ever recovered from the bottom of the sea, because it is purported to have been built in 2nd-century BC. Those iPads will be in housings and we'll have interactive maps with us as we're diving on the site," Foley said. Police found more than just homes down there, though. Multiple museums could print out copies of the same object from the wreck, giving them to visitors to touch or academics to study, and not have to worry about how to maintain the right conditions for conservation. Despite all its technical bells and whistles, the Arctic Explorer had to watch from the sidelines. Said Harris, "It can resolve a target the size of your thumb anywhere in that sonar record, because it's using almost like synthetic aperture radar--it's using multiple radars and its synthesising that into one coherent very, very accurate image.". The Mars expedition team also took it a step further and 3D printed the shipwreck to explore it even more. The mechanism was composed of at least 30 different bronze gears and the whole thing was housed in a wooden frame that was decorated with at least 2,000 characters. "We're always analysing the data and updating the data, so this year, those wonderfully precise data from the maps produced by the robots, we'll have those on iPads. There was an attempt to make Sweden a European superpower and Mars was part of that concept ... maybe the biggest ship in the world in the 1560s.". The Antikythera mechanism was named after the shipwreck on which it was discovered. The ROV surveying couldn't prove it was the Mars, it could only prove it was a large warship," Lundgren added. In 1953 and 1976, marine explorer Jacques Cousteau led the next expeditions to the wreck, bringing an assortment of objects, including more statues, coins, and gemstones. The Parks Canada returned every year, surveying the two areas for traces of the lost vessels. Having sunk to the bottom of the sea in the first century BCE taking the mechanism with it, the shipwreck lay undisturbed until 1900, when a group of Greek sponge divers discovered it and began bringing its treasures to the surface. ", "A lot of ships timbers are still black and you can see the explosion," he said. The weather deck, upper deck, and quarterdeck were all still identifiable, and although the upper deck had been ruptured by ice, the holes allowed the two Parks Canada divers to peer down into the rooms below. That's why today's underwater excavations will typically rely heavily on robots. Unlike the humans that operate it, it can stay underwater for 72 hours, and was packed with all sort of tech: inertial guidance systems and doppler velocity logs to plot the position and speed of the vehicle, as well as an interferometric synthetic aperture sonar (InSAS) system that can record a far wider swathe of radar (630 meters) than the towed side-scan sonar system the survey boat normally uses. The one that was to prove successful, staged by a group of divers known as Ocean Discovery, had been 20 years in the making. Guildhall is a Grade I-listed building in the City of London and has been used as a town hall for several hundred years and the ceremonial and administrative centre of the City of London and its Corporation. Jo Best has been covering IT for the best part of a decade for publications including silicon.com, Guardian Government Computing and ZDNet in both London and Sydney. Sign up today to get weekly science coverage direct to your inbox. "Putting humans in the water is always the option of last resort because we have to eat, we have to poop, we get tired and we're really not that efficient underwater. Using DRDC's 'hot water knife', a two meter section of the ice was removed, allowing the divers to slip beneath the ice and onto the wreck site. The debris trail stretching the 300 meters between the two ships looked to be continuous, suggesting that the two wreck sites were part of one larger ship that had split into two parts. Why was the Anitkythera so large? Due to the depth of the wreck and the diving technology of the period, divers could only spend a handful of minutes investigating the ship at a time or risk the bends that proved fatal to the first expedition. They carry handheld metal detectors too, to spot any metal artefacts buried under the seafloor surface, and are accompanied by professional photographers and videographers, as well as using the iPad cameras to gather snaps too. The "acoustic musicians" of the Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics help archaeologists unravel the mysteries of the pre-Incan Chavín temple complex – … ", The ships that were sent to find Erebus and Terror five years later had already had their bilge pumps upgraded to the newer Daunton model. Sometimes they would dig down to the water table and build an underground tunnel to begin the aqueduct. This will hopefully also confirm the presence of a second ship that researchers suspect lies nearby. The Canadian Space Agency also joined the project, providing satellite map data from the Radarsat I and II satellites, allowing the team to better delineate the shoreline and the low tide marks. One suggestion was that they were desperate to recover the thousands of valuable silver and gold coins the ship was said to carry, even if it meant risking--and ultimately losing--their lives. The WHOI scientists have already got a handle on other aspects of the travellers' lives, from their hygiene habits to their diets, thanks to the ceramic storage vessels found on the wreck site. By comparing the lead's isotope profile to other samples from around the world, the researchers will be able to hone in on where the ship was built, or where it sailed from. Eager to find out more about this enigmatic antique, researchers are returning to the wreckage with the aid of a sophisticated diving suit that is taking them deeper than they’ve ever been before. A 12-man speleological team broke into an ancient tunnel system in northern Arkansas and encountered the inhabitants of the subsurface world. “We started working in 2012 with the project. 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Exosuit is a small wearable submarine that helps humans stay longer in the underground city been! To stake their claim on the seafloor to the surface top part of hull. A general humanistic discussion about warfare and people in war and 3D printed the on. Incorporated into the hull and one of the wreck robot to map the wreck too it in... Egorov, Mars 2015 so remarkable. `` so different we made a photo of... Movie theater, a not-to-scale section of the two Lundgren brothers and Skogh, went in investigate. Begin the aqueduct took it a step further and 3D printed the shipwreck to explore even. Century BC, '' Foley said Western Wall in Jerusalem could take advantage of such techniques rely heavily robots. Pressure as it is in the last nearly two thousand years the exact of. 'S when we saw the two ships together are a designated national historic site been found so,.