Yams, however, are a totally different vegetable that either type of sweet potato, with a white inside and a dark, nearly black skin. Sweet Potato is a special-edition premium plant that first appeared in the 3.0.1 update of Plants vs. Zombies 2 for the Fall Food Fight Piñata Party event. However, the genetic group was well correlated with very specific morphological traits. Genetic clusters and morphologic traits. Although Gullahs, like many people, use the terms yams and sweet potatoes interchangeably, these two roots are different. The common name of any plant can differ region to region. On a baking sheet lined with aluminum foil, prick sweet potatoes all over with a fork. here. We hope this will help you to understand Japanese better. e0177697. We performed a principal component analysis to obtain synthetic uncorrelated climatic contrast. The membership probabilities of each individual in each group were very high for each accession (S5 Fig, S6 and S7 Tables). The k-mean cluster, K from 3 to 5 for each dataset was tested. Maturity was determined as when the vine turned yellow, roughly five months after planting. This is reflected in the way my mother raised me. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177697.s001. We ran this test with the 21 morphological traits recorded. Tropical in origin, sweet potatoes do require ample heat over a long season (at least four frost-free months), but they can be grown successfully at higher latitudes with a little extra attention. As sweet potato is propagated vegetatively, farmers use phenotypic traits [9] or organoleptic traits to differentiate and name their varieties [9, 39]. Among tuber and root crops, sweet potato plays an important role in human and animal nutrition and is known to have the potential to survive climate change thanks to its ability to adapt to different environments and agro-systems, its productivity and short growth cycle. Twelve microsatellite (SSRs) previously designed for sweet potato [24] were used (S2 Table). However, we covered a wide range of climates, from the tropical humid area to the Sahel, and we consequently have a good power to show such genetic, geographic and climatic congruence. A total of 21 agro-morphological traits were used. In Wolof, sweet cassava, which looks more like sweet potatoes than authentic yams, is called nyam-bi or the thing that you eat.”. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France, Affiliation But, most of the names used for sweet potato varieties clearly identify the species in different languages. They knew exactly how much cinnamon, sugar, butter, milk, eggs and nutmeg to include with the sweet potato pie, as well as the ingredients and the lengthy process used to make their special homemade pie crusts. The total surface area of each color is also proportional to number of samples in that genetic group. This particular structure of diversity along a climatic gradient with association to phenotypic variability can be used for conservation strategies. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177697.t002. The last bar represents the mean PIC of the 12 markers. Creamy Skillet Tortellini with Sweet Potato and Spinach. Based on the mean allele value per locus, which was 7.4 in the present study and those listed elsewhere, we tend to have a higher level of diversity in West Africa. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177697.s012. Sweet potatoes are a nutritious form of carbohydrates. Sweet potato is not a major crop in Togo or Senegal, and some farmers may thus not pay much attention to the phenotypic variability of the plant. Twitty also recognizes the cultural nature of the term yam. Featured below is a detailed overview of the global Sweet Potato market information. No, Is the Subject Area "Genetics" applicable to this article? A total of 132 accessions were collected: 112 from Togo in 2012, and 20 from Senegal in 2014 (S1 Table). The orange fleshed varieties are most common in the USA and Europe; the white fleshed are more popular in the Asian and Arabic kitchen. In her spare time, she enjoys the cultural outlets involving museums and plays. The number indicates the number of accessions. For each accession, a stem was sampled and kept isolated for further genetic and phenotypic experiments. The characteristics of the leaf recorded were the type of leaf lobe, leaf outline, number of leaf lobes, shape of the central leaf lobe, color of the mature leaf, color of the immature leaf, leaf length, leaf petiole length, color of the leaf vein, color of the leaf petiole. One cup (200 grams) of baked sweet potato with skin provides ():Calories: 180 Carbs: 41.4 grams Protein: 4 … roasted sweet potato This emoji shows an image of a sweet potato with purple, orange or brown skin sliced in half to show its flesh. She is also a defensive plant, possessing a toughness scale equivalent that of a Wall-nut. We recorded the local name of each variety and the GPS coordinates of each sampling site. By the end of our phone conversation, she and I had spun tales from our memories of this simple root, tales that revealed its cultural, historic, economic, and nutritional influence on our community. Environmental and climatic variations have also been shown to be associated with the diversity of cassava in Amazonia [36]. Yes PLoS ONE 12(5): The names given to the accessions by the farmers did not match the genetic groups. Convenience stores also sell ready-to-eat sweet potatoes, but bake them on a special electric grill rather than in an oven. These values are comparable to those reported in similar studies on the sweet potato in East Africa [33], with a mean of 6.1 alleles per locus compared to 7.4 found in the present study. Cornmeal adds crunch, and mashed sweet potatoes lend creaminess to this weekend favorite. This result confirms that K = 5 is the best and appropriate number of groups to be returned. For a healthy alternative to potato chips, you can dehydrate sweet potatoes into crunchy snacks using your oven or a dehydrator. At Sunday dinners, as we sat at the dinner table, my mother boasted about the wonderful job we did in selecting sweet potatoes, collards and other edibles. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177697.g004. Yada et al. In Uganda, there are more than 50 different languages spoken. They return home with stems they found that had attractive traits or with roots of a plant children like because of its sweetness. No, Is the Subject Area "Africa" applicable to this article? The method we used to choose the appropriate value of K, which explained our dataset well. Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Dakar, Sénégal, A total of 21 morphological descriptors [22], were used as agro-morphological characteristics of these three organs: leaf, stem, and root. medium potatoes, olive oil, chilli, sweet potatoes, salt, turkey leg and 7 more Viennese Steak with Mashed Sweet Potatoes O Meu Tempero Granny Smith apple, sweet paprika, salt, flour, butter, sirloin steaks and 6 more Over 100,000 German translations of English words and phrases. The first time I experienced an actual yam was at a West African restaurant, and I remember its interior being whiter and starchier than the sweet potato. The two groups “Tropical accessions” and “Sahelian accessions” were certainly shaped by ecological conditions, and might reflect specific adaptation to climate and soil. To assess relationships between agro-morphological traits and genetic clustering, we performed Kruskall-Wallis nonparametric tests. Cultivation of the sweet potato is still low in West Africa, and lacks an inventory of diversity and a conservation plan, as well as a study of its sensitivity to pests and diseases [7]. With the excuse it is in wiktionary? The importance of these phenotype traits for breeders is mentioned in many studies [16, 42]. The characteristics of the stem recorded were vine internode length, diameter between nodes, color, port and pubescence. The geographical location of Gullahs along the coasts of South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia and Florida enabled them to sustain their language, foodways, customs and spiritual practices throughout slavery and until the present time. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177697.s006. At this stage, we could not clearly differentiated these two hypotheses. This table shows that the two datasets produce approximately the same results: 92% of the samples are allocated to same group in the two datasets. Funding: This study was partly funded by the Agropolis Foundation’s “Agropolis Resource Center for Crop Adaptation and Diversity” (ARCAD) project, the French embassy in Togo (SCAC), Institut Sénégalais de la Recherche Agricole (ISRA), Dakar, Sénégal; the Institut de la Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) in Dakar, Sénégal and Montpellier, France; the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) grant N°11514/2011/DDS/DESFP/PAES-436 to Kodjo Glato and the University of Lomé, Togo. The questions we addressed in this study are: i) how is sweet potato structured along the environmental gradient from the Tropics to the Sahel? Under this scenario, West Africa sweet potato is derived from East African sweet potato. My chat with my sister about the delicious sweet potato became nostalgic as we recalled the various sweet potato recipes that infused our childhood and culture growing up on the peninsula of Charleston, South Carolina, during the 1970s. Peel sweet potatoes and cut them into pieces slightly larger than bite-sized. No, Is the Subject Area "Leaves" applicable to this article? Yams are the tuberous roots of the genus Dioscorea. Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar, Sénégal, Therefore, to honor those West African ancestral connections, Gullah people recognize sweet tata and other foods as a major part of our cultural identity. For this hexaploid species, the PIC was calculated considering an allele as a locus: PIC = 1 –(P12 + P22 + 2P12P22) where P1 and P2 corresponded to the frequency of the presence (1) and absence (0) of an allele. University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo, Affiliations But with K = 6, the subdivision of the groups was less clear (S3 Fig). In the villages sampled, each color represents one genetic group. Fourth is Ethiopia at 2,701,599 metric tons. Sweet potatoes generally have an orange flesh and a maroon or copper skin. You can find words like Sweet Potato from Hamariweb.com dictionary in multiple languages like Urdu, Arabic, Hindi, Spanish, French and other languages. Sweet potatoes are a great source of fiber, vitamins, and minerals. The three other genetic groups: “Tropical arid accessions”, “Tropical-Sahelian accessions group 1” and “Tropical-Saharan accessions group 2” contained accessions from both Togo and Senegal. The second dataset was used to assess the reproducibility of the results. There are a ton of different kinds of sweet potatoes from Beauregard to Regal, but it’s hard to find most of them in the store. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Yes For example, an anthropologist in Irian Jaya found forty different cultivars of sweet potato growing in just one community garden. The SSR markers revealed a high level of polymorphism. Better knowledge of intra-specific diversity of varieties is prerequisites for the successful management of such adaptation. The analysis using STRUCTURE tend also favored five clusters (S4 Fig). Phenotypic data from field trials conducted in three seasons was also obtained. To do so, for each accession we downloaded the BIOCLIM data [32] composed of 19 bioclimatic variables and monthly climate data (temperature and precipitation). Sweet and regular potatoes are both tuberous root vegetables, but they differ in appearance and taste. Third is Tanzania at 3,345,170 metric tons. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177697.g005. The sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a plant that is a member of the morning glory family, grown for its sweet, edible, tuberous roots.Sweet potatoes contain a lot of fiber and beta-carotene.They are eaten around the world. Is the Subject Area "Sweet potato" applicable to this article? https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177697.t001. Add two minutes for each additional potato. They considered baking with purchased pie crusts like cheating; it would have been too easy. Among the tools used for assessing the diversity of African sweet potato, agro-morphological analysis was conducted in Tanzania [14], Kenya [15] and Burkina-Faso [16]. I told my her that I would dress my treat with cinnamon. The collection was done with permission of doctors Bassirou Diallo (ISRA) from Senegal and Nenonene Amen Yawo (ESA) from Togo. (2017) Structure of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) diversity in West Africa covaries with a climatic gradient. The sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a root crop, probably first domesticated somewhere between the Orinoco river in Venezuela north to the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico.The oldest sweet potato discovered to date was in the Tres Ventanas cave in the Chilca Canyon region of Peru, ca. Jennie Chaplin grew up in Charleston, South Carolina, and now resides in Washington, D.C.  She is a cultural interpreter. They never used written instructions in the kitchen. This is the translation of … https://food.ndtv.com/lists/10-best-sweet-potato-recipes-712464 The difference is significant when p-value < 0.05. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177697.s010. The same was true of djété, atonini, dankali, kourkou, dinkedout, tomba each of which was distributed in up to three genetic groups (Table 1 and S1 Table). Genetic diversity in West Africa is structured into five groups, with some groups found in very specific climatic areas, e.g. I … The morphological characteristics of the leaf and stem were recorded 90 days after planting. UP NEXT. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France. In this research the storage performance of sweet potato roots in an evaporative cooling barn was investigated with three different pre-storage treatments - ash, brine and Lantana camara extract to evaluate their effects on weight loss, shrinkage, weevil damage, sprouting and decay over 12 … The two datasets showed approximately the same thing. Yams are starchy and have a rough, brown exterior. If such structure is proved to be associated with specific climatic adaptation, it will also allow developing strategies to adapt agriculture to ongoing climate variation in West Africa. While some cooking styles can raise the fat and sugar content of sweet potatoes, steaming uses zero-calorie water so you can enjoy the potatoes without feeling guilty. The relationship between a genetic group and specific geographical features has been previously reported [24]. The color or the letter for the same column of the same K for the two datasets was not identical, this show that the samples have changed cluster. The genetic groups were closely linked to geographic regions with different climatic conditions. We weighed the items and calculated our money appropriately, learning a lesson in thrift and self-sufficiency. Learn how to bake sweet potatoes perfectly and get my recipe for BBQ chicken stuffed sweet potatoes. Analyses were computed independently on the two datasets, and overall agreement was shown between datasets (see details in the supplementary file). You can get more than one meaning for one word in Urdu. Still it is beneficial to know the common name of all garden plants. Wilcoxon-paired test tested with K = 5 genetic groups, revealed specific agro-morphological traits for each genetic group (S8 Table). Wilcoxon paired tests were then performed for each significant trait to assess which specific genetic group differed significantly from the others. In contrast, Stephen Facciola's Cornucopia II (1998) lists only twenty-five different … The high diversity observed in West Africa might suggests that sweet potato was also introduced in the region rather than simply being the result of diffusion after its introduction in East Africa. Also, Chaplin is an avid reader. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177697.s002. The way the plant is named and its importance to the farmers probably explains this observation. But, most of the names used for sweet potato varieties clearly identify the species in different languages. Hence, scientific name of Sweet Potato is used worldwide. Further, Twitty notes that the sweet potato, originating from Central and South Americas, was known as the “Spanish potato” in colonial America. For many people, a sweet potato is simply a sweet potato, but those in the food industry are familiar with the different cultivars that are grown in Taiwan. So someone has deleted the names of Sweet Potato in various languages? All the varieties described below are technically sweet potatoes, though they’re often called yams. Each locus value corresponds to the mean PIC of all the alleles of the corresponding markers. Search nearly 14 million words and phrases in more than 470 language pairs. Search meanings in Urdu to get the better understanding of the context. We used the same sampling protocol as in Togo, except that young leaves were collected instead of stems. What is a yam?. Over there, in New Zealand, these sweet potatoes, known as kumara, are one of the basic ingredients used in many recipes, including kumara chips, aka sweet potato fries. We hope this will help you to understand Maori better. Preheat oven to 425º. No village had all five genetic groups (Table 1 and S1 Table). If you want to know how to say sweet potato in Maori, you will find the translation here. Make organic sweet potato a wonderful vegetable side dish to your favorite meal. Understanding genetic diversity, the structure of diversity and the capacity of adaptation of African crops could help design strategies to face both increased demand and a changing environment. The sweet potato originated in tropical America [8, 9] and was dispersed around the world principally by human mediated migration; and is now cultivated in most tropical regions [10]. The PCR was performed on a Techne Gradient TC Plus Thermocycler using the following program: 15 min at 95°C, 35 cycles of 30 s at 94°C, 90 s at hybridization temperature varying from 58°C to 60°C (S2 Table), 60 s at 72°C and 30 min at 60°C. In this study, we demonstrated that the morphological traits of sweet potato were associated with genetic groups. ... and references the cultural meaning of food in a way appropriate for 1st graders, 2nd graders, English Language Learners, and possibl. DNA was extracted from dried young leaves (10 to 25 mg) following the method of Doyle and Doyle [23] adding 2% (w/v) of cetyl-tri-methyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) and 2% (w/v) of sodium sulfite. It was introduced to Africa by the Portuguese in the 16th century [11, 12]. Since reading of size might be difficult for hexaploid plants [9], we performed a second independent run and an independent score of alleles. Sub-Saharan Africa is considered to be a secondary center of diversity [13]. Yes Okinawa sweet potatoes, also known by their Japanese name, beni-imo, have unremarkable off-white or dusty purple skins, but once you slice into them, you're greeted by a rich and vibrant purple flesh rarely seen in nature. Similar observations were made by Shigeta [40] for sweet potato landraces in Ethiopia, and by Elias et al. In our study, the farmers were sometimes unable to identify the sweet potato varieties from above ground plant parts alone (vine or leaves) without the root tuber. “Most enslaved people preferred white [yams] because the starchy drier taste most resembled the taste of sweet cassava or tropical yams.”. Molecular markers make it possible to conduct such comparisons across countries and continents. Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar, Sénégal, Communication is difficult at best. Sweet Potato in Spanish. In both types, the taste is starchy and sweet with different varieties having different unique tastes. The two other clusters “Tropical-Sahelian accessions group 1” and “Tropical-Sahelian accessions group 2” contained accessions either from Togo or Senegal and the climatic conditions were less well defined. Sweet potato is a staple food, ranking seventh among food crops in annual production in the world [4] and fifth for its caloric contribution in developing countries after rice, wheat, maize and cassava [5]. The different genetic groups were also distinguished by the 21 agro-morphological traits (Table 2). There's also a version of sweet potato that has a thin yellow skin and yellow flesh, though those are less common. But, most of the names used for sweet potato varieties clearly identify the species in different languages. Sweet potatoes can be grouped into two different categories depending upon the texture they have when cooked: some are firm, dry, and mealy, while others are soft and moist. We analyzed genetic clusters in comparison with the geographical location of the countries and villages as well as landrace names. The two datasets (initial dataset and second dataset) were used. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177697.s011. The second group, called “Tropical accessions”, contained 27 accessions all from Togo. The GPS coordinates of each sampling site were recorded. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177697.g003. The three other groups were roughly associated with climate: “Tropical-arid accessions”, “Tropical-Saharan accessions group 1” and “Tropical-Saharan accessions group 2”. Access other dictionaries such as English to Arabic, English to French, and English to Hindi to check the Sweet Potato meaning in different languages. Sweet Potato Meaning in Urdu - In the age of digital communication, any person should learn and understand multiple languages for better communication. The value corresponds to p-value of each traits. Sweet potato slips are produced by year-old sweet potatoes in hot … That means there are more than 50 different ways to say sweet potato, from “acok” in Ateso, the language spoken by the people showing off their drying rock, to “maku” in Lugbara. Think sweet potato, but a little more refined. Explore detailed information about the global Sweet Potato markets. A represents Tropical-Sahelian accessions group 1; B Tropical accessions, C Tropical arid accessions, D Sahelian accessions, and E Tropical-Sahelian accessions group 2. Here, we focus on the sweet potato. No, Is the Subject Area "Phenotypes" applicable to this article? The 11 markers used in our study were the same as those used in a previous study [24]. 2 % agarose gel alleles was used to analyze our 132 African accessions No had. [ 16, 42 ] for better communication with 10 SSRs used variations... ( ISRA ) from Togo ( Kruskal-Wallis, p < 10−6 ) 6 the. 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